Assessment Summary
The Class A1 (primary contact recreation) uses are assessed (monitored) as “partially supported” due to violations of the state's water quality criteria for indicator bacteria. The Class B(LW) (aquatic life) uses are assessed (evaluated) as “partially supported” due to an invasive species introduction (Zebra Mussels). The Class C (drinking water) uses are "not assessed" based on a lack of recent data upon which to base an assessment. Fish consumption uses are assessed (monitored) as "fully supported" based on results of fish tissue monitoring in 2004 and turtle tissue monitoring in 2009. Sources of data for this assessment include (1) results of IDNR/UHL beach monitoring from 2014 through 2016, (2) results of the statewide survey of Iowa lakes conducted from 2012 through 2016 by Iowa State University (ISU), (3) information from the IDNR Fisheries Bureau, and (4) results of U.S. EPA/IDNR fish contaminant (RAFT) monitoring in 2004 and turtle contaminant monitoring in 2009.
Assessment Explanation
Results of DNR beach monitoring from 2014 through 2016 suggest that the Class A1 uses are "partially supported." Levels of indicator bacteria at Emerson Bay Beach were monitored once per week during the primary contact recreation seasons (May through September) of 2014 (16 samples), 2015 (17 samples) and 2016 (15 samples), as part of the DNR beach monitoring program. According to DNR’s assessment methodology two conditions need to be met for results of beach monitoring to indicate “full support” of the Class A1 (primary contact recreation) uses: (1) the geometric mean of the samples from each recreation season of the three-year assessment period are less than the state's geometric mean criterion of 126 E. coli orgs/100 ml and (2) not more than 10% of the samples during any one recreation season exceeds the state's single-sample maximum value of 235 E. coli orgs/100 ml. If a sampling season geometric mean exceeds the state criterion of 1000 orgs/100 ml during the three-year assessment period, the Class A1 uses should be assessed as “not supported.” Also, if a sampling season geometric mean exceeds the state criterion of 126 orgs/100 ml during the three-year assessment period and/or if significantly more than 10% of the samples in any one of the three recreation seasons exceed Iowa's single-sample maximum value of 235 E. coli orgs/100 ml, the Class A1 uses should be assessed as “partially supported.” This assessment approach is based on U.S. EPA guidelines (see pgs 3-33 to 3-35 of U.S. EPA 1997b).
At Emerson Bay Beach, the geometric means from 2014, 2015 and 2016 were all below the Iowa water quality standard of 126 E. coli orgs/100 ml. The geometric mean was 36 E. coli orgs/100 ml in 2014, 72 E. coli orgs/100 ml in 2015 and 94 E. coli orgs/100 ml in 2016. The percentage of samples exceeding Iowa's single-sample maximum criterion (235 E. coli orgs/100 ml) was 13% in 2014, 29% in 2015 and 20% in 2016. The number of samples exceeding the single-sample maximum criterion was significantly greater than 10% in 2015. According to DNR's assessment methodology and U.S. EPA guidelines, these results suggest "partially supported" of the Class A1 uses.
For the 2018 assessment/listing cycle, the Class A1 (primary contact recreation) uses of West Okoboji Lake are assessed (monitored) as "fully supported" based on information from the ISU lake survey. Using the median values from these surveys from 2012-2016 (approximately 15 samples), Carlson 's (1977) trophic state indices for Secchi depth, chlorophyll a, and total phosphorus were 36, 41, and 44 respectively for West Okoboji Lake. According to Carlson (1977) the Secchi depth, chlorophyll a, and total phosphorus values all place West Okoboji Lake in between the Oligotrophic and the Mesotrophic categories. These values suggest extremely low levels of chlorophyll a and suspended algae in the water, exceptional water transparency, and extremely low levels of phosphorus in the water column. The data show no violations of the Class A1 criterion for pH in 15 samples.
The level of inorganic suspended solids was extremely low at West Okoboji Lake, and does not suggest water quality problems due to non-algal turbidity. The median level of inorganic suspended solids in West Okoboji Lake (1.05 mg/L) was ranked 2nd among the 138 lakes by the ISU lake survey.
Data from the 2012-2016 ISU lake survey suggest a moderate population of cyanobacteria exists at West Okoboji Lake. These data show that cyanobacteria comprised 98% of the phytoplankton wet mass at this lake. The median cyanobacteria wet mass (12.9 mg/L) was ranked 59th of the 138 lakes sampled.
The Class B(LW) (aquatic life) uses are assessed (evaluated) as “partially supported” based on information from the DNR Fisheries Bureau and results from the ISU lake surveys. Based on information from the DNR Fisheries Bureau, this lake was infested with Zebra mussels in 2012 and the population exploded in 2015.This invasive species will likely cause water quality to degrade in the future. This potential impairment is not appropriate for Iowa’s Section 303(d) list of impaired waters (Integrated Report Category 5) but is appropriate for IR Category 3b of Iowa’s Integrated Report and Iowa’s list of waters in need of further investigation. Results of the ISU lake survey from 2012-2016 show there were no violations of the criterion for ammonia in 15 samples(0%), no violations of the criterion for dissolved oxygen in 15 samples(0%), and no violations of the criterion for pH in 15 samples(0%). Based on DNR's assessment methodology these violations are not significantly greater than 10% of the samples and therefore suggest (fully supported/monitored) of the Class B(LW) uses of West Okoboji Lake.
The Class C (drinking water) uses are not assessed due to the lack of recent information upon which to base an assessment. The only parameter collected as part of the ISU lake surveys relevant to support of Class C (drinking water) uses is nitrate. While the results of the ISU surveys from 2012-2016 show that nitrate levels are extremely low at this lake (maximum value = 0.1 mg/l; median = 0 mg/l), these data are not sufficient for developing a valid assessment of support of the Class C uses.
Fish consumption uses were assessed (monitored) as “fully supported” based on results of U.S.EPA/DNR fish contaminant (RAFT) monitoring at West Lake Okoboji in 2004 and turtle contaminant monitoring in 2009. The composite samples of fillets from common carp and yellow perch had low levels of contaminants. Levels of primary contaminants in the composite sample of common carp fillets were as follows: mercury: 0.039 ppm; total PCBs: 0.09 ppm; and technical chlordane: <0.03 ppm. Levels of primary contaminants in the composite sample of yellow perch fillets were as follows: mercury: 0.068 ppm; total PCBs: 0.09 ppm; and technical chlordane: <0.03 ppm. The existence of, or potential for, a fish consumption advisory is the basis for Section 305(b) assessments of the degree to which Iowa’s lakes and rivers support their fish consumption uses. The fish contaminant data generated from the 2004 RAFT sampling conducted at West Lake Okoboji show that the levels of contaminants do not exceed any of the advisory trigger levels, thus indicating no justification for issuance of a consumption advisory for this waterbody.
In addition to the fish contaminant data, turtle contaminants were also assessed in 2009. Samples of shoulder tissue from snapping turtle showed low levels of contaminants. Levels of primary contaminants in the shoulder tissue samples of snapping turtle were as follows: mercury: 0.153 ppm; total PCBs: 0.09 ppm; and technical chlordane: <0.03 ppm. These results also suggest the fish consumption uses should be assessed as "fully supported."
Note: For the 2006 through 2016 Section 305(b)/303(d) cycle, West Okoboji Lake was subdivided into the following segments for purposes of developing water quality assessments: main lake basin south, Emersons Bay, Smiths Bay, Millers Bay, and main lake basin north. These segments were created to better use the water quality data collected as part of the DNR beach monitoring program which includes monitoring at four of this lake’s beaches. Developing separate assessments for the main lake basin as well as for the Lake’s bays represents a more accurate characterization of water quality conditions than did past assessments which developed only one assessment for the entire lake.
