Assessment Comments
Assessment is based on (1) results of approximately 16 water quality monitoring events conducted at Rathbun Reservoir during the years 2004 through 2006 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at up-lake Station RA-7 in the Chariton Arm of the reservoir, (2) an IDNR Fisheries analysis of the influence of water quality conditions on sport fish production at Rathbun Reservoir, and (3) results of U.S.EPA/IDNR fish contaminant (RAFT) monitoring at Rathbun Reservoir in 2004.
Basis for Assessment
[Note: For the 2006 and 2008 305(b)/303(d) cycle, Rathbun Reservoir was subdivided into the following segments for purposes of developing water quality assessments: main lake basin, South Fork Arm, Chariton Arm, Honey Creek Arm, and Buck Creek Arm. These segments were created to better use the water quality data collected as part of the Rathbun Water Quality Project from monitoring stations located in the main lake basin and in the several arms of the reservoir. Water quality data from the arms of Rathbun Reservoir suggest differing water quality conditions than do data collected from the main lake basin. Thus, developing separate assessments for the main lake basin as well as for the reservoir’s arms represents a more accurate characterization of water quality conditions of the reservoir than did past assessments which developed only one assessment for the entire reservoir.]
SUMMARY: The Class A1 (primary contact recreation) uses of the Chariton Arm are assessed (monitored) as “not supporting” due to very poor water transparency caused by both algae and non-algal turbidity that violates Iowa’s narrative water quality standard protecting against aesthetically objectionable conditions. The Class B(WW-1) (aquatic life) uses are assessed (monitored) as "partially supported” due to impacts of water quality (poor transparency) on the reservoir’s fish populations. The Class C (drinking water) uses are assessed as “fully supported” based on ambient monitoring for atrazine and nitrate. Fish consumption uses are assessed as “fully supported” based on results of U.S. EPA/IDNR fish contaminant monitoring in 2004. The sources of data for this assessment include (1) results of approximately 16 water quality monitoring events conducted at Rathbun Reservoir during the years 2004 through 2006 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at up-lake Station RA-7 in the Chariton Arm of the reservoir, (2) an IDNR Fisheries analysis of the influence of water quality conditions on sport fish production at Rathbun Reservoir, and (3) results of U.S.EPA/IDNR fish contaminant (RAFT) monitoring at Rathbun Reservoir in 2004.
EXPLANATION: The Class A1 (primary contact recreation) uses of this arm of Rathbun Reservoir are assessed (monitored) as "not supported" due to poor water transparency that violates Iowa’s narrative water quality criteria protecting against “aesthetically objectionable conditions.” Data collected by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at the up-lake station (RA-7) in the Chariton Arm of Rathbun Reservoir suggest that extremely high levels of turbidity impair the Class A1 uses of this arm of Rathbun Reservoir. Using the median values from the 10 to 16 samples collected as part of the ACOE survey during 2004 through 2006, Carlson’s (1977) trophic state indices for total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, and Secchi depth are 68, 66, and 73, respectively. According to Carlson (1977), these index values for total phosphorus and chlorophyll a place this arm of the reservoir in the eutrophic category, while the index value for Secchi depth places this lake in the hypereutrophic category. These index values suggest the following: (1) very high levels of phosphorus in the water column and (2) extremely poor water transparency, and (3) high levels of chlorophyll a and suspended algae in the water. The relatively low TSI value for chlorophyll a compared to Secchi depth suggests that inorganic suspended solids are likely the cause of poor water transparency and the impairment in this segment of the lake. NOTE: Data for Secchi depth are not available for the summer of 2004.
For information on cyanobacteria at Rathbun Reservoir, see the assessment developed for the main lake basin (IA 05-CHA-0020-L-1).
The Class B(WW-1) aquatic life uses of this arm of Rathbun Reservoir are assessed as "impaired" due to the impact or poor water quality (water transparency) on the lake’s fish populations. A comparison of water quality data to production of the primary sport fish at Rathbun Reservoir (crappie) suggests only “partial support” of the aquatic life uses of the Chariton Arm. In 2006, the IDNR Fisheries Bureau summarized approximately 35 years of data on abundance of crappies at Rathbun Reservoir. These data were combined with the available water quality data (707 Secchi depth readings) from that period to determine the spatial and temporal differences in crappie abundance and water quality conditions within Rathbun Reservoir.
Based on the Secchi depth readings and the analysis of crappie production for the period 1970-2006, the best water clarity and crappie production occurs near the dam and in central portion of the main lake basin where Secchi depths average approximately one meter. Of the main arms of the reservoir, the Honey Creek Arm typically has the best crappie production and best water transparency (average Secchi depth of 0.66 m), followed by the Buck Creek and Chariton arms (average of 0.5 m), and South Fork Chariton arm (average of 0.3 m). The poorest crappie production occurs in the Chariton and South Fork arms. The reduced water transparencies and relatively poor crappie production in the arms of the reservoir is attributed primarily to greater influence of nonpoint source runoff from the reservoir’s watershed on the water quality in the reservoir’s arms. Additional sources of turbidity in the reservoir’s arms include re-suspension of bottom sediments and wave action. In summary, results of the analysis of fisheries and water quality data at Rathbun Reservoir suggest that (1) poor water quality (transparency) in adversely affects the reservoir’s sport fish populations, (2) the aquatic life uses of the Chariton and South Fork arms are impaired due to high levels of turbidity, and (3) improving water transparency through control of nonpoint source runoff (i.e., through implementation of best management practices (BMPs)) could provide significant benefits to the sport fishery of this reservoir. Based on this information, the Class B(WW-1) aquatic life uses of the Chariton Arm are assessed (monitored) as “partially supported.”
In contrast to the assessment based on water transparency, the ACOE lake monitoring data from 2004-2006 show relatively good chemical water quality in this arm of Rathbun Reservoir. These data show no violations of the Class B(WW-1) criteria for dissolved oxygen and only one violation of the Class A1,B(WW-1) criterion for pH in the 13 samples collected (8%). Based on IDNR’s assessment methodology the one violation of the criterion for pH is not significantly greater than 10% of the samples and therefore does not suggest an impairment of the Class A1,B(WW-1) uses.
Results of monitoring for atrazine and nitrate do not suggest impairment of the Class C drinking water uses in the Chariton Arm of Rathbun Reservoir. The average level of atrazine in the 10samples collected from ACOE station RA-7 from 2004-06 (1.5 ug/l) was well-below the MCL of 3 ug/l. According to Iowa’s assessment/listing methodology, if average levels of pesticides are less than their MCLs, the Class C drinking water uses should be assessed as “fully supported.” None of the 10 samples exceeded the atrazine MCL (maximum value was 2.6 ug/l on July 10, 2006. The average level at Station RA-7 in the Chariton Arm was somewhat higher than the average at station RA-3 near the dam (1.2 ug/l) and likely reflects inputs of atrazine from the watershed. Based on approximately eight years of monitoring, the typical pattern for atrazine levels in the Rathbun Reservoir and its watershed is occurrence of relatively low levels of atrazine near the dam, with progressively higher levels proceeding uplake and upstream into the lakes tributaries. Results of ACOE monitoring suggest very low levels of nitrate in Rathbun Reservoir. The average level of nitrate in the 16 samples collected at Station RA-7 from 2004-06 was 0.4 mg/l; the maximum sample value during this period was 2.1 mg/l. These results are far below the nitrate MCL of 10 mg/l and thus do not suggest any impairments or threats to full support of the Class C uses.
Fish consumption uses for the entire reservoir were assessed (monitored) as “fully supported” based on results of U.S.EPA/IDNR fish contaminant (RAFT) monitoring at Rathbun Reservoir in 2004. The composite samples of fillets from channel catfish and white crappie had low levels of contaminants. Levels of primary contaminants in the composite sample of channel catfish fillets were as follows: mercury: 0.031 ppm; total PCBs: 0.09 ppm; and technical chlordane: <0.03 ppm. Levels of primary contaminants in the composite sample of white crappie fillets were as follows: mercury: <0.0181 ppm; total PCBs: 0.09 ppm; and technical chlordane: <0.03 ppm. The existence of, or potential for, a fish consumption advisory is the basis for Section 305(b) assessments of the degree to which Iowa’s lakes and rivers support their fish consumption uses. Prior to 2006, IDNR used action levels published by the U.S Food and Drug Administration to determine whether consumption advisories should be issued for fish caught as part of recreational fishing in Iowa. In an effort to make Iowa’s consumption more compatible with the various protocols used by adjacent states, the Iowa Department of Public Health, in cooperation with Iowa DNR, developed a risk-based advisory protocol. This protocol went into effect in January 2006 (see http://www.iowadnr.gov/fish/news/consump.html for more information on Iowa’s revised fish consumption advisory protocol). Because the revised (2006) protocol is more restrictive than the previous protocol based on FDA action levels; fish contaminant data that previously suggested “full support” may now suggest either a threat to, or impairment of, fish consumption uses. This scenario, however, does not apply to the fish contaminant data generated from the 2004 RAFT sampling conducted at Rathbun Reservoir: the levels of contaminants do not exceed any of the new (2006) advisory trigger levels, thus indicating no justification for issuance of a consumption advisory for this waterbody.
